Legal Glossary

A legal verdict meaning that the defendant has been found not guilty of the charge(s). An acquittal means the case is dismissed, and the defendant cannot be retried for the same offence under the double jeopardy rule (except in limited circumstances).

The act of detaining a person suspected of committing a criminal offence. The police must have reasonable grounds for the arrest and must inform the individual of the reason for their arrest and their rights, including their right to legal representation.

A legal document issued by a court authorising the police to arrest a specific person. This may be granted if the person has failed to attend court when required or if there is reasonable suspicion that they have committed a serious offence.

Automatism is a legal defence used when someone acts without conscious control. If proven, it can remove the required intent (mens rea) needed for a crime. In strict liability cases, it challenges whether the act (actus reus) was voluntary, essentially arguing that the person did not commit the act deliberately.

Read our full guide on Automatism.

A specialist lawyer who represents clients in court, particularly in higher courts. Barristers are usually instructed by solicitors and provide expert legal advocacy and advice.

A formal warning given by the police for minor offences. It is not a criminal conviction but can be used as evidence of previous wrongdoing in future cases.

The formal accusations made against a person, specifying the criminal offence they are alleged to have committed. Charges are brought by the police or the prosecution and must be proven in court for a conviction.

A release from custody with specific conditions attached, such as reporting to a police station or avoiding certain individuals or places. Breaching these conditions can lead to re-arrest.

A higher court that hears appeals against decisions made in lower courts. It is divided into the Criminal Division (for appeals from the Crown Court) and the Civil Division (for appeals from the High Court).

A higher criminal court that deals with serious offences, such as murder or robbery. Cases are heard by a judge and, in most cases, a jury.

A person accused of a crime or involved in legal proceedings as the party defending against a claim or charge.

A formal court session where legal arguments, evidence, or procedural matters are presented before a judge or magistrates. Hearings can be preliminary (to determine case progress), procedural (to deal with legal issues), or substantive (where evidence is heard and a decision is made).

Directions or guidance given by a client to their solicitor on how they wish their legal matter to be handled. Solicitors can also give instructions to barristers when seeking their advice or representation in court.

A formal police interview conducted when a person is suspected of committing an offence. The suspect is given the police caution, informing them of their right to remain silent and that anything they say may be used as evidence. This is typically recorded and can take place at a police station or another location.

A general term for a legal professional qualified to give legal advice, represent clients, and conduct legal proceedings. In the UK, this includes solicitors and barristers.

A lower court that deals with minor criminal cases (summary offences) and some preliminary hearings for more serious crimes. Cases are heard by magistrates or a district judge.

A formal warning given by the police when a person admits to a minor offence. It is not a criminal conviction but is recorded on police records and may be considered in future cases. A caution can be simple (with no conditions) or conditional (requiring the offender to comply with certain terms, such as rehabilitation or community service).

A voluntary process that occurs between the police and a suspect (or their legal representative) before a formal charging decision is made. It allows for the exchange of information, including providing the defence with an opportunity to make representations or offer evidence that may influence whether charges are brought.

The legal process of bringing criminal charges against a defendant. In England and Wales, this is typically handled by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), which presents evidence in court to prove the case against the accused.

A type of lawyer who provides legal advice, drafts documents, and represents clients in lower courts. Solicitors may also instruct barristers for advocacy in higher courts.

A summary motoring offence is a minor traffic violation that is typically dealt with in a magistrates' court. These offences include:

• Speeding

• Driving without insurance

• Driving without a valid licence

• Failing to stop or provide information after an accident

Summary motoring offences usually result in fines, penalty points on the driver's licence, or disqualification from driving. They are less serious compared to indictable offences and are processed more quickly through the legal system.

A minor criminal offence that can only be tried in a magistrates' court, such as minor assaults or motoring offences. These do not require a jury trial.

A release from custody without any conditions, meaning the defendant must simply return to court when required.

A type of magistrates' court that deals with criminal cases involving defendants aged 10 to 17. It operates with less formality and aims to rehabilitate young offenders.